A touristโs guide to the vanished Jewish quarter of Warsaw
ืึท ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืฆืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืึผื ืืขื ืขื ืืึดืืืฉื ืงืืืึทืจืืึทื ืคึฟืื ืืืึทืจืฉืขA touristโs guide to the vanished Jewish quarter of Warsaw
ืื ื ืืขืจืก ืืื ืืขืื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืึดืืืฉืข ืืืขืื ืคึฟืื ืืึทืจืงื, ืืืืขืจืงืจืึธืืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืจืขืืขืจ, ืืื ืกืณืืื ืืขืืืขื ืืื 1938, ืขืจืึฟ ืืขื ืืืจืื.
ืคึฟืึทืจื ืืืจืื ืืึธืื ืืื ืืืึทืจืฉืข ืืขืืืืื ื ืึทื ืขืจื 370 ืืืืื ื ืืึดืื โ ืื ืืจืขืกืืข ืืึดืืืฉืข ืฉืืึธื ืืื ืืืืจืึธืคึผืข ืืื ืื ืฆืืืืื ืืจืขืกืืข ืืืื ื ืึธื ื ืื-ืืึธืจืง.
ื ืึธื ืืขืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืฉืืึธื ืืื ืืืจืข ืืึดืืืฉืข ืืฒึทื ืืืืื ืขืจ, ืืื ืืึทืืืึผืกื, ืืขืืืึธืจื ืืืื ืืจืืืกืข ืืืจืึฟื. ืืึธืก ืืึทื ืฆืข ืจืฒึทืืข ืืึดืืืฉืข ืืขืื ืืื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืึทืฉ. ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืืึทื ืง ืื ืืืืืืึทืืืฉืข ืึทืจืืืืื, ืงืขื ืืึธืก ืึทืืึธืืืงืข ืืึดืืืฉืข ืืขืื ืืื ืืืึทืจืฉืข ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืขืงืืืกืืืจื ืืื ืืขื ืืขื ืืฉืืขืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืืข ืงืขื ืขืก ืืืืืขืจ ืืืืคึฟืืขืื ืืื ืืื ืืืขืจ ืชึผืงืืคึฟื. ืึท ืืขื ืืฉ ืงืขื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืคึฟื ืืื ืื ืึทืืึธืืืงืข ืืืึทืจืฉืขืืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืข ืฆืฒึทืืื ืืขื, ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืจื ืืื ืืขืจ ืจืฒึทืืข ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืฆืฒึทืืืึทืฉืื ืงืข, ืืื ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืืขืื ืึทื ืืข ืืขืคึฟืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืึทืจืฉืข ืืื 1938.
ืืึธืก ืืื ืคึฟืึทืงืืืฉ ืืขืจ ืจืืฉื ืืืึธืก ืืืฒึทืื ื ืึธืื ืืืจืืืืขืืขืจื ืื ื ืืขืจืก ื ืฒึท ืืื ืืืืฃ ืืขืืจืขืึดืฉ, โืืืจื ืืจื: ืืจืฉื ืืืืืืืช 1938โ (ืึท ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืืืึทืจืฉืข, 1938), ืึทืจืืืก ืืื 2025 ืืฒึทื ืืืื ืก-ืคึฟืึทืจืืึทื. ืืขืจ ืืขืืึทื ืง ืืื ืืขืจ ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืึธืจ ืืืืื ืึทืจืืืง ืืื ืืืืืขืืืืื ืืืขื: ืฆื ืฉืจืฒึทืื ืึท ืืื ืืฒึทื ื ืฆื ืืึธื ืืืึธืก ืืื ืฆืื ืืืคึฟืืขืฉืืขืื ืืื ืึท ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืจืืกืื ืืืขืืืข ืืืืื ืืึทืืืื ืืขื ืืึดืืืฉื ืืึดืฉืืึฟ ืืื ืืืึทืจืฉืข ืืื 1938; ืืื ืืขืจ โืืืืจโ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืื ืึท ืืืึทืจืฉืขืืืขืจ ืืึดื ืคึฟืื ืืขื ืข ืืึธืจื, ืืืึธืก ืืืขื ืื ืืื ืฆื ืื ืืขืืึธืืืืืงืข ืืืืขื ืขืจืก.
ืืขืฆื ืืื ืืึธืก ืืึทื ืฆืข ืืื ืึท ืฉืคึผืื ืคึฟืื โืืึธืืืจ ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืืขืืโ: ืึท ืืขืฉืืืืข-ืืื ืืืึธืก ืืึทืื ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืจืืกืืืฉ ืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืคึผืจืืื ืืืขืืืข ืืขื ืขื ืืขื ืืฒึทื ืืืงื ืืืืขื ืขืจ ืืืืงื ืืืื ืืฆืืขื. ืืึธืก ืฉืืืื ืืื ืฉืึทืจืคึฟืขืจ ืกืชึผืืจื ืืืื ืขืฆื ืืขืืึทื ืง ืคึฟืื ืึท ืืืจืืกืืืง ืืื ืืืึธืก ืืฒึทื ืฆืื ืืื ืฆื ืืขืื ื ืืฆืืขืืข ืคึผืจืืื ืืืขืื ืึท ืืขืืืืก ืึธืจื. ืืื ืืขืจ ืฉืจืฒึทืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืงืืื: โืึผืืขื ืึทืืฅ ืืืึธืก ืืืขื ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืขืฉืืืืขืจื ืืืขืจื ืืื ืึธื ืืขื ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืขืงืืืกืืืจื ื ืื ืืฒึทื ืโฆ ืืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทืื ืคึฟืื ืึทืืึท ืืื ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืืจืืืกื ืืึธืก ืืขืจืืขืืืขืื ืืขืืืึธืจื ืึท ืืึทื ืง ืืขืจ ืืืขืืืฒึทื ืณืขืืชึผืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืืืกืืืจืืชืณ [ืืขืจ ืืืกืืึธืจืืฉืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืกืข].โ
ืืื ืืขืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืขื ืืฉืึทื ืขืจ, ืืื ืืึธืก ืืื ืฆืขืืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืจืฒึท ืงืึทืืขืืึธืจืืขืก: ืึทืืืขืืืื ืข ืงืขื ืืฉืึทืคึฟื, ื ืืฆืืขืืข ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืื ืืืจื. ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืขืจืฉืืขืจ ืงืึทืืขืืึธืจืืข, โืึทืืืขืืืื ืข ืงืขื ืืฉืึทืคึฟืโ, ืงืขื ืืขื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืืขืื ืืขืจ ืฉืืึธืืก ืืขืฉืืืืข, ืืืจ ืืึทืคึฟืขืืงืขืจืื ื, ืืืจืข ืืฉืื ืืช, ืจืขืืืืืข, ืืืืจืืฉืึทืคึฟื, ืงืืืืืจ, ืกืคึผืึธืจื, ืึทืจืืืืขืงืืืจ, ืืืืช ืืื ืคึฟืืึทื ืฆื. ืืืฉื, ื ืื ืืขืงืืงื ืืืืฃ ืึทืืข ืคึผืึธืืืืืฉืข, ืจืขืืืืืขืืข ืืื ืงืืืืืจืขืืข ืืืืืงืชื ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืืืึทืจืฉืขืืืขืจ ืืึดืื, ืืึธืื ืืื ืืึธืืฉ ืืืื ืืึทื ืืขืืึทื ืืฉืืชึผืคึฟืืช: ืื ืืึดืืืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื. ืืื ืขืก ืฉืืืื ืืื ืขื ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ, ืจืขืื ืืขื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืืืึทืจืฉืข ืืขืืงืจ ืืึดืืืฉ, ืืื 88.9% ืคึฟืื ืื ืืึดืืืฉืข ืืฒึทื ืืืืื ืขืจ ืืึธืื ืืื 1931 ืืขืงืืึทืจืืจื. ืืื ืืื ืจืขืื ืืืืขืจ ืืืืืขื ืขื ืืึดืืืฉื ืืืึทืืขืงื ืืื ืืฒึทื ืข ืืืืืขื ืข ืืขืจืืื ืขื. ืึท ืืึทืืขืืึธืก, ืฆืื ืืฒึทืฉืคึผืื, ืืืืกื ืึท โืืืึทืจืขืโ; ืึท ืคึฟืื ืฆืืขืจืขืจ ืงืึธืจืืืึธืจ ืืื ืึท โืฉืืฉืึธื ืงืขโ; ืืึผืืืื ืืื โืืื ืึทืืืฉื ืขโ.
ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืงืึทืืขืืึธืจืืข โื ืืฆืืขืืข ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทืฆืืขโ ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจืืืจื ืืขืจ ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืขื ืืืืขื ืขืจ ืืื ืืืขืืืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื ืคึฟืื ืืึธืจ ืืื ืืึดืื ืึผืืื ืฆื ืืึทืืืื ืืืึทืจืฉืข (ืืขืจ ืขื ืืคึฟืขืจ: ืคึฟืจืืืื ื ืืื ืืึทืจืืกื, ืืืขื ืืข ืคึฟืฒึทืขืจื ืืขื โืืืืฉ ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉ ืืืโ). ืฆืืืืฉื ืื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืฉืืืืช: ืืืึผ ืืฒึทื ืฆืืฉืืืื; ืืืึธืก ืฆื ืขืกื ืืื ืืจืื ืงืขื, ืคึฟืื ืืืืขืจ ืงืืืืขื ืืื ืืืึทืกืขืจึพืคึผืืขืฆืืขืืฃ ืืืืคึฟื ืงืึธืกืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืึทืื? (ืึท ืืึดืืืฉืข ืฆืฒึทืืื ื ืืืฉื ืงืึธืกื ืฆืืืืฉื 10 ืืื 30 ืืจืึธืฉื; ืึท ืงืืืึธ ืงืขื โ 1 ืืืึธืืข); ืืืึธืก ืฆื ืืืืขื ืขื ืืืืคึฟื ืืืขื? ืคึฟืื ืืืึธืก ืืข ืืึธื ืืื ืึธืคึผืืืื? (ืคึฟืื ืื ืื ืึฟืื, ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืื ืืื) ืืื ืืื ืึทืืื ืืข ืงืขื ืึธื ืงืืืขื ืงืืื ืืืึทืจืฉืข. ืืข ืืืืขื ื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืงืขืจ ืืืืคึฟื ืืืขื, ืืขืจ ืคึผืึธืกื, ืื ืืขื ืง, ืืขืจ ืคึผืึธืืืฆืื, ืื ืคึฟืฒึทืขืจืืขืฉืขืจืก, ืื ืืืืืืึธืืขืงื, ืืื ื ืึธื ืืื ื ืึธื.
ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืืจื-ืกืขืงืฆืืข ืืืืื ืืขืจ ืืืืจ ืคึฟืึธืจ ืืืื ืืขืืืขืืข ืืืจื, ืืืฉื: ืึท ืืืจ ืคึฟืื ืขื ืคึผืืึทืฅ ืืืฉืืืึธืืืกืงื ืืืจื ืืขืจ ืงืจืึธืืืึทืื ืขืจ ืืึทืก โ ืืขืจ ืฆืขื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืื โืืึธืก ืคึผืืขืฆืโ (ืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืืื ืืขืจืืืขืื), ืคึฟืื ืืืึทื ืขื ืขืก ืฉืืึทืืขื ืื ืืจืฒึท ืืืืจืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืขืืืขืจ ืืฉืคึผืื, ื. ื. ืืื ืืขืจ, ืืฆืืง ืืึทืฉืขืืืืก ืืื ืืขืจ ืืื ืืกืชึผืจ ืงืจืฒึทืืืึทื, ืืื ืืืึผ ืขืก ืืขืคึฟืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืจ ืืึทืจืืืืขืจ ืกืึทืกืงื-ืืึธืจืื; ืึท ืืืจ ืืืึธืก ืืขืจืคึฟืืจื ืืื ืืืจื ืืขืจ ืืึทืจืืืืกืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืืึทืก ื ืึทืืขืืืงืขืก, ืืขืจ ืืึทืจืฅ ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืืืึทืจืฉืข, ืืืึผ ืืืืช ืืขืจ ืืืึดืขื ืืืงืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืืืข ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื ืืึธืจื ืืืืฃ ืืขืื ืฉืจืื ืืื ืืจืื ื ืฒึทืข ืงืืึธืกืงื ืคึฟืื ืืขืืฆืขืจ ืืื ืืฒึทืืงืจืขื; ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืฆืืจ ืืืึธืก ืืืื ืืืจืื ืฆืคึฟืื ืืืงื ืืืื ืฉืืึธื, ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืขืจืขืื ื ืืืจื ืืขืจ ืึธืจืขืืขืจ ืกืืึธืืฉืขึพืืึทืก, ืืืึธืก ื ืื ืืขืงืืงื ืืืืฃ ืืขื ืืืืช ืคึฟืึทืจืืึธืื ืื ืืขื ืฉืืื ืขื โืืขืืจืึธ-ืงืื ืึธืืึทืโ. ืื ื ืืขืจ ืืึธื ืึทืืึฟ ืืื 8 ืืึธืจ ืฆืืจืืง ืืึทืงืข ืืขืฉืจืืื ืึท ืืึทื ืฅ ืืื ืืืขืื ืืขืจ ืกืืึธืืฉืขึพืืึทืก (ืืืื ืก, 2018).
โืึท ืืืขืืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืฆื ืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉืขืจ ืืืึทืจืฉืข, 1938โ ืืื ืึท ืืืืืืืงืขืจ ืืฒึทืืจืึธื ืฆืื ืืฉืึทื ืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืคึผืึธืคึผืืืขืจืขืจ ืืขืฉืืืืข, ืืืึธืก ืืึทื ืฒึทื ืืื ืืึทืืขืื ืื ืึทืืึธืืืงืข ืฉืืึธื ืืืจื ืืฒึทื ืืืืกื ืขืืืงื ืคึฟืึธืจืืึทื. ืืขืจ ืืขืืจืขืึดืฉืขืจ ืืืืขื ืขืจ ืืืขื ืืขื ืืกื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจืก ืืจืืืืขืจ ืงืขื ืืฉืึทืคึฟื, ืืืืึธืจ ืืื ืืึทืืึทื ื ืืื ืึท ืืขืจืฆืืืืขืจ. ืกืณืืื ืคึฟืึธืจื ืืืืคึฟืึทืจืืฒึทืืืขื, ืึทื ืืฉืขืชื ืืืืขื ืขื ืคึฟืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืข ืืจืืื ืืื ืึทืจืื ืืื ืืขืจ ืืืขืื ืคึฟืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืขืจื ืืขืคึฟืืจื ืืืจื ืึท โืืืืืขืจ ืฉืืึธืโ. ืืึธืก ืืื ืคึผืึทืกื ืฆืื ืืขืกืื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื ืืืืขื ืขืจืก ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ืืกืืื ืึท ืืืฒึทืืข โืฆื ืกืืกืคึผืื ืืืจื ืืขื ืกืคึฟืงโ ืืื ืืื ืืืืขืจืืขืื ืืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื ืืึทืืืข.
ื ืึธืื ืืืืขืจืืืืขื ืขื ืืึธืก ืืื, ืฉืืขื ืืื ืืื ืึทืืืื ืื ืงืฉืื: ืืืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืืืจืืืขืืข ืคึฟืึทื ืืึทืืืข ืืื ืืจืฒึท ืืืืขื ืกืืขืก ืืืึธืื ืื ืึทืืืขืืืืงืข ืงืื ืกืืืขืืข ืืื ืืขืืืืขื ืฅ ืืขืงืึธื ื ืฉืึทืคึฟื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจืก ืืื? ืืืืฃ ืึทืืึท ืกืึธืจื ืืืืคึฟืืขืืื ื ืืึทืจืฃ ืืขื ื ืึธื ืืืึทืจืื.
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