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The battle between tradition and revolution in Soviet

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ The battle between tradition and revolution in Soviet-Yiddish culture ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืึทืœืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืžืึทืคึผืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ืคึฟื™ืœื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืง, ืœื›ืœึพื”ืคึผื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจึพื˜ืขื–ื™ืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข โ€žืจืฑื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜โ€œ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจึพืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืจื™ืข ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึทืก (ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ืขืŸ). ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขื ื›ืึธืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœึพื˜ื•ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ? ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื‘ื“ืขื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฑืคึฟืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืงืฒื˜? ืฐื•ึผ ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืžืึทืคึผืข? ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜. ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื โ€” ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ, ืžืขื˜ืึทืคึฟืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืžืึทื–ืฉืŸ โ€” ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื”. ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒึท ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฐื™ื–ื™ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1920ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึท ื˜ืฒืœืŸ. ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท ื›ึผืœืขืจืœืฒ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื ื™ืคึฟืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขืฐ, ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข, ืœืึธื“ื–ืฉ, ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืกืชึผืจืก ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืจืฒึทื–ืขึพืคึฟืึทืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ โ€žื“ืจืฒึท ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืขื˜โ€œ(1934). ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื—ืœืง ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื’ืฐื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื” ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื™ึพืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืฐืึทื ื’ืึทืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœืŸ โ€žืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸโ€œ, โ€žืึทืœื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึธืกโ€œ, โ€žื›ืึทืœื™ืึทืกื˜ืจืขโ€œ, โ€žื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’โ€œ; ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ โ€” โ€žืžื™ืœื’ืจืฑืโ€œ; ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ึดืขืฐ โ€” ื“ื™ืึทืœืžืึทื ืึทื›ืŸ โ€žืืฒื’ื ืกโ€œ ืื•ืŸ โ€žืืฑืคึฟื’ืึทื ื’โ€œ. ืœืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื“ืฑืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืจืฒืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืึทืžืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ โ€žื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืกโ€œ ื“ืขื 7ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืฐืขืžื‘ืขืจ 1920 ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืจืฅ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคึฟื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ โ€žืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’โ€œ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขืจืงืฐื™ืจื“ื™ืง, ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึฟืขืกื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืฒืŸ ืžืึทืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืœื™ืฆื”. ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึฟืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจื›ืœื™ื ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืจืขืฐืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืจืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, โ€žืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื” ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื–ืฒ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืงืฑืœืŸึพื’ืจืึธื‘ืขืจืก [โ€ฆ] ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืฒึทืข ืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื•ืช, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื•ืžืขื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,โ€œ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ื˜ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืœื ืข ืื™ืŸ 1924 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ โ€žื˜ืึธื’โ€œ: โ€žื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงืฒืŸ ืฆืฐืฒ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืกโ€™ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฑื– ืคึฟืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆืฐืฒ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืขืคึผืึธื›ืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืžืขืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ึพืœื™ื ื™ืข, ืืฒืŸ ืขื ื“ืฆื™ืœ.โ€œ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืึทืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืข, ืฉืœื•ืึพืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐื™ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื”. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ โ€” ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืจืึธืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื“ื™ืงืฒื˜ โ€” ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆืฐืฒ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื”, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืฒึท ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืคึฟืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐืŸ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ืฆื•ืคึผืึทืกืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึทืก ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืึท ืคึฟื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืืฑืกืคึฟื™ืจืŸ ืืฑืฃ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื– ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืœืขื›ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื. ืึทื–ืึท ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืึทืจื’ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ื˜ืง ืžืขืจ ืฐืึธื’ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื•ืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜. ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทื–ื˜ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืื™ื“ืขื™ึดืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ึพื“ืขื•ืช ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืึทื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื–ืึทืฆื‘ืฑ, ืฐืึธืงืึทื‘ื•ืœืึทืจ, ืื™ื ืขื ืืฑืกืงืœืฒึทื‘ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข, ืกืœืึทืฐื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸึพืงื•ื“ืฉื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, ืึทื– ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ืฉืึทืฆื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ ืžืึทืจืงื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืกืึธืŸ, ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืฑืŸ ื’ืขืฐืฑืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืžืงื•ื. ื–ื™ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜, ืœื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš, ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืฆืฒึทื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืงื˜ื™ืฐ. ื–ื™ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืฒืขื ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืึทืžืข ื‘ืจืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 1920ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ืฆื•ืคึผืึทืกืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ืฒึทืข ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืกืชึผืจืก ืคึฟืึทืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื›ืึทืจืงืขืฐ, ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืกืงืฐืข ืื™ื ืขื ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš โ€žื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืขื˜โ€œ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื’ืฒืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืฒึทื–ืขึพืคึฟืึทืจืฆืฒื›ืขื ื•ื ื’. ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืกืชึผืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื›ึผืฐื•ึผืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ โ€“ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ื–ืึทืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืžืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืึทืฆื‘ืฑ, ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ึพืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธื–ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึทืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ โ€“ ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืจืฒึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ืฐืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึฟื™ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. โ€žื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืขื˜โ€œ ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืกืชึผืจืก ืึทื ื˜ืฑืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืืฑืคึฟื‘ืฑืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื ืขื ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ืŸึพืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืึทื ื“, ืคึฟืึทืจืกืšึพื”ื›ึผืœื˜ ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท. ืฐื™ ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื ื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึฟื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืกืชึผืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืงื•ืึพืžืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขืฐ ื˜ืึธืœืกื˜ืึธื™, ืคึฟื™ืึธื“ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืกื˜ืึธื™ืขืฐืกืงื™, ืื™ืฐืึทืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื’ืขื ืขืฐ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืฉืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉื™ืฉืข, ืคึฟืจืึทื ืฆืฒื–ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ึพืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืืฑืกื ืึทื. ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจึพืฐืฒื ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœืข ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ืฐืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึทื’ืŸ. ื“ืฐืงื ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื‘ืฒึทื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกืึธืฐืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ ืคึฟืขืœื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืœืขื›ืข ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1930ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฉืฐืขืจืขืจ, ืคึฟืึทืจืกืšึพื”ื›ึผืœื˜ ืฐืึทื›ืจื•ืฉืึธืฐืึท. ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืฐืฒึทื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง. Did you know that only 2% of Forward readers donate to support our nonprofit newsroom? That 2% make it possible for millions to read the Forward without a paywall or subscription โ€” removing any barriers to the full and fair Jewish story. But while the Forward is free to read, it isnโ€™t free to produce. Big stories โ€” like deep dives into the antisemitism data, political scoops or reporting trips to college campuses โ€” take months of research and fact-checking. All while we keep you informed of what you need to know each day. โ€” Rachel Fishman Feddersen, Forward Publisher & CEO

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