Why the global electrification agenda misses the point on Africa’s energy crisis

Why the global electrification agenda misses the point on Africa’s energy crisis Dola Oluteye, PhD, is a senior fellow in energy and transport policy at the UCL Energy Institute and founder of The Professional African Network Advisory Initiative. At the June 2026 UN Climate Meetings in Bonn, the incoming Turkish COP31 Presidency introduced a headline target for the Action Agenda: raising electricity’s share of global final energy consumption from around 20% today to 35% by 2035. Backed by the international Electrify Now campaign - also launched in June by the European Commission and governments across five continents, including Ethiopia - the aim is to replace fossil fuels with clean energy by shifting the way we travel and transport goods and commodities, cook and warm our homes and offices, and power our industries. Already have an account? Log in here → You can read this for free Sign up for a free account today. In return, you’ll get a selection of our top reporting in full each week, our Climate Weekly roundup newsletter every Friday, and invites to our webinars and online events. Create a free account → It takes less than a minute. Dola Oluteye, PhD, is a senior fellow in energy and transport policy at the UCL Energy Institute and founder of The Professional African Network Advisory Initiative. At the June 2026 UN Climate Meetings in Bonn, the incoming Turkish COP31 Presidency introduced a headline target for the Action Agenda: raising electricity’s share of global final energy consumption from around 20% today to 35% by 2035. Backed by the international Electrify Now campaign - also launched in June by the European Commission and governments across five continents, including Ethiopia - the aim is to replace fossil fuels with clean energy by shifting the way we travel and transport goods and commodities, cook and warm our homes and offices, and power our industries. - Sep 11, 2026 Made in Nigeria: The race to build an African solar industry from scratch A solar power revolution is gathering pace in Africa and Nigeria wants a slice of the fast-growing industry, but competing with Chinese imports won’t be easy - May 29, 2026 Q&A: How can African electricity access power jobs not just lightbulbs? Carol Koech from the Global Energy Alliance says electricity connections in Africa should happen in a way that transforms communities and livelihoods - Feb 4, 2026 Africa records fastest-ever solar growth, as installations jump in 2025 Africa’s solar power installations have increased sharply, driven by utility-scale projects and privately financed rooftop and commercial systems On paper, this is a welcome signal. Yet, as world leaders line up behind global goals in the lead-up to COP31, African nations face a fundamental question: whose energy transition are we talking about? For the roughly 600 million people living without electricity on the continent, international climate targets often sound less like a lifeline and more like a conversation happening on another planet. For developed countries, electrification is largely a replacement exercise - swapping petrol and diesel vehicles for electric ones, and gas boilers for heat pumps powered by existing, stable grids. But across sub-Saharan Africa, the challenge is vastly different. The region accounts for 85% of the global population without electricity, up from 50% in 2010. Here, electrification is not a technology swap; it is the foundational building block of human dignity, economic sovereignty, energy access and modern development. Electricity connections must deliver real development Half of the number of people without electricity access in Africa live in three countries - Nigeria, Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of Congo - while 900 million other Africans lack clean cooking solutions. The proposed global electrification goal must not treat a continent with nearly half of its population without electricity the same way it treats mature Western economies. To regard electrification merely as a tool for decarbonisation misses the core reality of our continent. Africa is not just transitioning an existing energy system; we are building one from the ground up in many places. If a global electrification target of 35% by 2035 is to mean anything for Africa, it must be rooted in African realities. That begins with acknowledging that expanding power connections alone is insufficient. China’s industrial engine starts to break its fossil fuel habit Energy poverty does not end when a power line crosses a village; it ends when electricity is reliable, affordable and powered by clean sources that spur productive economic activities. Connecting households to a micro-grid they cannot pay to use does not deliver development. Electrification can also help solve the critical issue of super pollutants in countries like Nigeria, notably the production of methane and black carbon, by replacing combustion-based systems with cleaner, electric alternatives. Breaking from past extractive models Equally critical is how the electricity is generated. Within some African policy circles, electrification has occasionally been viewed with scepticism - seen as a possible Trojan Horse to justify expensive nuclear projects or to expand long-term fossil gas lock-ins. We must be clear: expanding electricity demand while increasing reliance on volatile fossil fuels or unviable, high-cost infrastructure is a false solution. True electrification must be paired directly with the massive development of Africa’s unparalleled renewable energy resources. Africa holds 60% of the world’s best solar resources, alongside immense hydro, wind and geothermal potential. Tying the global electrification push to renewable energy capacity and local battery storage is the only pathway that protects African economies from international fuel price shocks while keeping our climate commitments intact. Global climate negotiations such as those ongoing at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) offer another building block for Africa's green energy future. International trade linked to 20% of global emissions – but imports ignored Adopting a shipping carbon price at the IMO this year, through the Net-Zero Framework, would create a climate fund worth $12 billion a year. This finance could be used not only towards the electrification of Africa's ships and ports, but also for building broader renewable energy production on the continent. Furthermore, global initiatives must break from past extractive models. Africa cannot remain merely a site for extracting critical minerals - such as lithium, cobalt, and copper - to feed green supply chains elsewhere, only to import expensive finished technologies. An authentic, inclusive campaign must support the development of local industry, mineral value addition and job creation on the continent. Africa's COP31 agenda should centre clean electrification To achieve this, international campaigns like Electrify Now must deepen their partnership with Global South institutions. Western-centric messaging encouraging people to buy electric vehicles and install heat pumps at home must be paired with calls for robust transmission grids, decentralised mini-grids, industrial energy security and affordable clean cooking. For this to happen, it would be great to see more African governments, businesses and civil society organisations join the Electrify Now campaign, where they can advocate for the challenges and opportunities on our continent. Ethiopia is a great example, where a government policy to ban the importation of petrol and diesel cars has led to the country becoming a continental leader in the uptake of electric vehicles. Meanwhile, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has seen the cost of electricity come down significantly and accounts for more than half of Ethiopia's renewable energy generation capacity. Türkiye says it has “final decision” at COP31 despite Australia running negotiations The road to COP31 offers Africa a pivotal opportunity to place clean electrification at the very centre of its economic and climate agenda. By taking ownership of this narrative, African leaders can insist that global targets deliver capital, technology sharing and infrastructure investments tailored to local needs. Electrification is not a luxury or a secondary climate goal. Powered by renewable energy - the African sun and wind - it can be the engine of our green industrial transition. It is important for global climate architecture and Western governments to be aligned with that reality. Get more from our site Basic Access to a selection of our in-depth coverage and analysis each week, comment and thought leadership by industry experts, invites to webinars and online events, and our Climate Weekly newsletter. 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