How sovereign control, decarbonization and energy costs shape public support for data centers

Abstract The rapid expansion of data centers has created new political challenges. Governments want to build more data centers to reap the benefits from the artificial intelligence (AI) economy and achieve their digital sovereignty agendas. However, data centers require enormous amounts of electricity and water, threaten emission-reduction targets, and often raise local electricity prices. As a result, local communities increasingly mobilize against data center construction. We use a vignette and conjoint survey experiment in Germany to evaluate how publics think about the environmental, economic, and (geo)political tradeoffs that data centers entail. We find that directly priming people with digital sovereignty concerns only marginally increases support for building more data centers. Yet, support varies substantially based on characteristics that people do have strong views about: decarbonization, geopolitics, and local environmental and economic impact. Geopolitical concerns are particularly salient: people strongly favor data centers operated by German or European firms over US or Chinese operators. These nationality effects are large even when compared to the effects of electricity price increases and variation in energy sources. Our findings suggest that public opposition to data centers depends on pre-existing political cleavages and that sovereignty concerns loom large. Acknowledgements The authors thank participants at the 2025 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, "The Politics of AI" workshop at the Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals, and the DIGITAL-EU Research Network × s University of Lincoln SSPS seminar for helpful comments and feedback on earlier versions of this paper. Funding J.H. discloses support for the research of this work from the Institute for Humane Studies [Grant no. IHS01913]. E.V. discloses support for the research of this work from Georgetown University’s Earth Commons Impact Award. J.H. and E.V. disclose support for the publication of this work from the Tech & Public Policy Center at the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University. Author information Authors and Affiliations Corresponding author Ethics declarations Competing interests J.H. and E.V. declare no competing interests. Additional information Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Rights and permissions Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. About this article Cite this article Heering, J., Voeten, E. How sovereign control, decarbonization and energy costs shape public support for data centers. Nat Commun (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-76500-9 Received: Accepted: Published: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-76500-9