Autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons underlie a third of cases of Chikungunya virus encephalitis or myelitis

Acknowledgments We thank the patients and their families for participating in our research. We thank all members of both branches of the Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases for discussions and technical and administrative support. We thank Lazaro Lorenzo and Yelena Nemirovskaya for administrative assistance. The Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases is supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, the St. Giles Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) as part of its grant to the SNF Institute for Global Infectious Disease Research at The Rockefeller University, the NIH (R01AI163029), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Award program (UL1TR001866), the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) under the France 2030 program (ANR-10-IAHU-01), the HORIZON-HLTH-2024-DISEASE-08-20 program under GA 101191725 (InFlaMe), the ANRS projects DéméléJEV (ANRS0629) and LSDengue (ANRS-23-PEPR-MIE-0007), the Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory of Excellence (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), the French Foundation for Medical Research (FRM) (EQU202503020018), ANR GENVIR (ANR-20-CE93-003), ANR AI2D (ANR-22-CE15-0046), the HORIZON-HLTH-2021-DISEASE-04 program under grant agreement 101057100 (UNDINE), the ANR-RHU COVIFERON Program (ANR-21-RHUS-0008), the Square Foundation, Grandir—Fonds de solidarité pour l’enfance, the Fondation du Souffle, the SCOR Corporate Foundation for Science, the Battersea & Bowery Advisory Group, William E. Ford, General Atlantic’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Gabriel Caillaux, General Atlantic’s Co-President, Managing Director, and Head of Business in EMEA, and the General Atlantic Foundation, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research, and Innovation (MESRI-COVID-19), INSERM, REACTing-INSERM, Paris Cité University, and the Imagine Institute. P.B. was supported by a “Poste CCA-INSERM-Bettencourt” (with support from the Bettencourt-Schueller Foundation), and the FRM (EA20170638020). A.G. was supported by a French National Agency for Research grant as part of the “Investissement d’Avenir” program (ANR-10-LABX-62-01). We thank the Centre de Ressources Biologiques de Martinique CHU Martinique, France, ID number BRIF BB-0033-00099, for managing patient samples. The CARBO cohort was supported by a grant from the Clinical Research Hospital Program from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC “2009”). Author contributions V.L.T., A.G., M.-M.C., A. Cobat, S.-Y.Z., and J.-L.C. designed research; V.L.T., A.G., M.-M.C., M.P.d.S.S., S.A., I.C., M.S.d.R., L.S., J.D.S., P.A.A., A.P., P.B., L.A., C.P., R.F.d.O.F., I.C.d.S., A. Cabié, A. Cobat, and S.-Y.Z. performed research; V.L.T., A.G., M.-M.C., A. Cobat, S.-Y.Z., and J.-L.C. analyzed data; and V.L.T., A.G., A. Cobat, S.-Y.Z., and J.-L.C. wrote the paper. Competing interests J.-L.C. is an inventor on patent application PCT/US2021/042741, filed July 22, 2021, submitted by The Rockefeller University and covering the diagnosis of, susceptibility to, and treatment of, viral disease, and viral vaccines, including COVID-19 and vaccine-associated diseases.