Running OpenBao on Kubernetes with a CloudNativePG PostgreSQL backend

Managing infrastructure secrets on Kubernetes needs a backend that is self-healing and free of vendor lock-in, and that is exactly what OpenBao (the Linux Foundation’s open-source fork of HashiCorp Vault) and CloudNativePG give you: an entirely open-source stack built on two CNCF projects, Kubernetes, long since graduated, and CloudNativePG, a CNCF Sandbox project currently under evaluation for Incubation by the CNCF Technical Oversight Committee. OpenBao’s postgresql storage backend turns any PostgreSQL cluster into its encrypted key-value store, and CloudNativePG turns that cluster into a self-healing, synchronously replicated, certificate-authenticated Postgres instance with no cloud database dependency underneath it. This recipe deploys a three-instance CNPG cluster as OpenBao’s storage backend and removes every password from the connection: the schema-owning role and the application role OpenBao itself uses both authenticate with a DatabaseRole-issued TLS client certificate, enforced by explicit pg_hba rules rather than by the absence of a password. pg_hba.conf is PostgreSQL’s client-authentication file, the thing that actually decides, per connection, whether a role needs a certificate, a password, or nothing at all. Setting up a local test environment with cnpg-playground Nothing about this recipe is specific to any one Kubernetes distribution: any conformant cluster with enough worker capacity will do. To follow along locally, though, the official cnpg-playground repository is the fastest path to one, since it is pre-configured with the CloudNativePG operator already. It is designed primarily around CNPG’s own demos, so it is worth knowing what it actually gives you: a single Kind cluster with six nodes, a control plane node, one node labelled for infrastructure workloads, one labelled for application workloads, and three carrying a node-role.kubernetes.io/postgres taint. That taint is exactly what our Cluster ‘s tolerations in Step 1 target, and it is also what leaves OpenBao itself with only the two general-purpose nodes to schedule onto, which matters once pod anti-affinity enters the picture in Step 3. setup.sh provisions one Kind cluster per argument it is given, normally used to model separate regions; passing it a single, arbitrary label gives you one local cluster and skips the two-region disaster recovery demo entirely. Prerequisites: Docker, Kind, Helm and kubectl . # Clone the CNPG Playground repository git clone https://github.com/cloudnative-pg/cnpg-playground.git cd cnpg-playground # 1. Provision a single local cluster labelled "openbao" ./scripts/setup.sh openbao # 2. Deploy CloudNativePG, cert-manager, the Barman Cloud plugin and a # ClusterImageCatalog only, skipping the demo databases REQUIREMENTS_ONLY=true ./demo/setup.sh Architecture blueprint - Storage engine: OpenBao’s native postgresql storage backend, withha_enabled = "true" for its HA lock table. - Database cluster: a 3-instance CNPG cluster with quorum-based synchronous replication ( method: any, number: 1, thedefault dataDurability: required ) for zero-data-loss failover. - Workload isolation: node selectors, tolerations and required zonal pod anti-affinity keep PostgreSQL on dedicated nodes across separate failure domains, following CNPG’s scheduling guidance. - Authentication: passwordless mTLS via the DatabaseRole CRD’s clientCertificate block, for both the schema owner and the application role, enforced by explicitpg_hba rules. Step 1: deploy the CNPG cluster, roles and database The Cluster below points imageCatalogRef at the postgresql-minimal-trixie ClusterImageCatalog that REQUIREMENTS_ONLY=true ./demo/setup.sh already deployed in the previous step, rather than pinning an image tag directly: CNPG resolves it to the latest minimal PostgreSQL 18 image in that catalog, so a kubectl apply against the same manifest keeps picking up new patch releases as the catalog is updated, no Cluster edit required. It also declares synchronous replication, workload isolation, and the two pg_hba rules that force certificate authentication for both roles OpenBao will use. Two DatabaseRole objects follow: role-openbao , the schema owner used once to run DDL, and role-openbao-rw , the restricted role OpenBao itself connects as at runtime. Both get a clientCertificate , because a one-shot DDL job is no more entitled to a password lying around than the application is. {{apiVersion: postgresql.cnpg.io/v1 kind: Cluster metadata: name: openbao-db namespace: openbao spec: instances: 3 # Tracks the latest minimal PostgreSQL 18 image via the ClusterImageCatalog # the playground's REQUIREMENTS_ONLY step already deploys. # See https://cloudnative-pg.io/docs/current/image_catalog imageCatalogRef: apiGroup: postgresql.cnpg.io kind: ClusterImageCatalog name: postgresql-minimal-trixie major: 18 # See https://cloudnative-pg.io/docs/current/scheduling affinity: nodeSelector: node-role.kubernetes.io/postgres: "" tolerations: - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/postgres operator: Exists effect: NoSchedule enablePodAntiAffinity: true topologyKey: topology.kubernetes.io/zone podAntiAffinityType: required postgresql: # Synchronous replication: dataDurability defaults to "required", giving # RPO=0 at the cost of pausing writes if no standby is available. # See https://cloudnative-pg.io/docs/current/replication synchronous: method: any number: 1 # The operator does not add cert rules for DatabaseRole client # certificates automatically: without these, "openbao" and "openbao-rw" # would fall through to the default scram-sha-256 rule, and since # neither role has a passwordSecret, every connection would simply fail. pg_hba: - hostssl openbao openbao all cert - hostssl openbao openbao-rw all cert - hostnossl openbao openbao all reject - hostnossl openbao openbao-rw all reject # See https://cloudnative-pg.io/docs/current/postgresql_conf parameters: max_connections: '100' log_checkpoints: 'on' log_lock_waits: 'on' hot_standby_feedback: 'on' shared_memory_type: 'sysv' dynamic_shared_memory_type: 'sysv' storage: size: 10Gi --- apiVersion: postgresql.cnpg.io/v1 kind: DatabaseRole metadata: name: role-openbao namespace: openbao spec: cluster: name: openbao-db name: openbao login: true clientCertificate: enabled: true databaseRoleReclaimPolicy: retain --- apiVersion: postgresql.cnpg.io/v1 kind: DatabaseRole metadata: name: role-openbao-rw namespace: openbao spec: cluster: name: openbao-db name: openbao-rw login: true clientCertificate: enabled: true databaseRoleReclaimPolicy: retain --- apiVersion: postgresql.cnpg.io/v1 kind: Database metadata: name: openbao-db namespace: openbao spec: name: openbao owner: openbao cluster: name: openbao-db }} Apply these resources: kubectl create namespace openbao kubectl apply -f cnpg-stack.yaml Watch for all three instance pods to come up, which takes a couple of minutes on a fresh cluster: kubectl get pods -w -n openbao Once all three are Running and Ready, confirm the cluster itself has reached a healthy state: kubectl cnpg -n openbao status openbao-db Cluster Summary Name openbao/openbao-db System ID: 7674399793927340061 PostgreSQL Image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:18.6-202608131513-minimal-trixie@sha256:e488b1434919f455f2ee4e18a181ce9b33f34cdd8dfb821126855486bce6ad34 Primary instance: openbao-db-1 Primary promotion time: 2026-08-15 23:10:49 +0000 UTC (3m15s) Status: Cluster in healthy state Instances: 3 Ready instances: 3 Size: 135M Current Write LSN: 0/6000060 (Timeline: 1 - WAL File: 000000010000000000000006) Continuous Backup not configured Streaming Replication status Replication Slots Enabled Name Sent LSN Write LSN Flush LSN Replay LSN Write Lag Flush Lag Replay Lag State Sync State Sync Priority Replication Slot ---- -------- --------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- ---------- ------------- ---------------- openbao-db-2 0/6000060 0/6000060 0/6000060 0/6000060 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00 streaming quorum 1 active openbao-db-3 0/6000060 0/6000060 0/6000060 0/6000060 00:00:00 00:00:00 00:00:00 streaming quorum 1 active Instances status Name Current LSN Replication role Status QoS Manager Version Node ---- ----------- ---------------- ------ --- --------------- ---- openbao-db-1 0/6000060 Primary OK BestEffort 1.30.0 k8s-openbao-worker3 openbao-db-2 0/6000060 Standby (sync) OK BestEffort 1.30.0 k8s-openbao-worker4 openbao-db-3 0/6000060 Standby (sync) OK BestEffort 1.30.0 k8s-openbao-worker5 Note the PostgreSQL Image line: a SHA-pinned, dated minimal build resolved straight out of the postgresql-minimal-trixie catalog, not a floating tag we wrote by hand. Both standbys show up as Standby (sync) with a Sync State of quorum at the same time, which is exactly the dynamic behaviour method: any is meant to give: with number: 1 , either standby satisfies durability, and CNPG does not pin a fixed “the” synchronous standby. Once reconciled, the operator has created two client certificate secrets, role-openbao-client-cert and role-openbao-rw-client-cert , following its -client-cert naming convention. openbao , as the database owner, already has CREATE on the public schema by default (PostgreSQL grants that to the owner even though it revoked it from PUBLIC in v15), so no extra schema grant is needed before the DDL step. Every manifest that mounts one of these secrets sets defaultMode: 0640 on the volume. Kubernetes mounts Secret volumes at 0644 by default, which libpq refuses outright: it rejects a private key file that is group-or-world-readable, whether owned by root (0640 or less) or by the connecting user (0600 or less). Since the mounted files stay root-owned and only their group matches the pod’s fsGroup, 0640 is the setting that satisfies libpq here, and it applies to every pod in this recipe that reads a client certificate, the schema-init Job and the OpenBao pods alike. Step 2: initialise the schema and grant table privileges DatabaseRole does not yet manage table-level grants: the permissions stanza that would let a Database object express GRANT/REVOKE declaratively is still an open proposal (#10826), as I covered when DatabaseRole first shipped in Recipe 25 . Until that lands, a one-time Job running the DDL as the schema owner is the correct way to create OpenBao’s tables and grant the restricted DML the openbao-rw role actually needs. OpenBao’s postgresql storage backend expects two tables when ha_enabled = "true": openbao_kv_store , with a parent_path, path, key and value column and a primary key on (path, key) , and openbao_ha_locks , holding its HA lock records. Getting the key column or the primary key wrong here is an easy mistake, since OpenBao would otherwise silently create the table itself on first connection using its own DDL, and that path only works if the connecting role already has CREATE , which openbao-rw deliberately does not. Pre-creating both tables under the owner role and setting skip_create_table on the OpenBao side (Step 3) keeps that DDL entirely off the restricted runtime role. The same job also closes a gap PostgreSQL leaves open by default: every database grants CONNECT to PUBLIC , and the public schema grants USAGE to PUBLIC too, so any role that can log into the cluster at all can connect to openbao and see what is in its public schema unless told otherwise. Making REVOKE CONNECT … FROM PUBLIC the default posture across every database CloudNativePG manages is on the roadmap (#10831), but it is not there yet, so the schema-init job revokes it explicitly here and grants back only what openbao-rw actually needs: {{apiVersion: batch/v1 kind: Job metadata: name: openbao-schema-init namespace: openbao spec: ttlSecondsAfterFinished: 300 # Clean up job 5 minutes post-completion template: metadata: name: openbao-schema-init spec: restartPolicy: OnFailure securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 26 fsGroup: 26 seccompProfile: type: RuntimeDefault containers: - name: psql-init image: ghcr.io/cloudnative-pg/postgresql:18-minimal-trixie securityContext: allowPrivilegeEscalation: false capabilities: drop: - ALL resources: requests: cpu: "100m" memory: "64Mi" limits: cpu: "500m" memory: "128Mi" command: - psql - "postgres://openbao@openbao-db-rw:5432/openbao?sslmode=verify-full&sslcert=/etc/certs/tls.crt&sslkey=/etc/certs/tls.key&sslrootcert=/etc/ca/ca.crt" - -c - | CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS openbao_kv_store ( parent_path TEXT NOT NULL, path TEXT NOT NULL, key TEXT NOT NULL, value BYTEA, CONSTRAINT openbao_kv_store_pkey PRIMARY KEY (path, key) ); CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS openbao_kv_store_idx ON openbao_kv_store (parent_path); CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS openbao_ha_locks ( ha_key TEXT NOT NULL, ha_identity TEXT NOT NULL, ha_value TEXT, valid_until TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL, CONSTRAINT openbao_ha_locks_pkey PRIMARY KEY (ha_key) ); GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON TABLE openbao_kv_store, openbao_ha_locks TO "openbao-rw"; REVOKE CONNECT ON DATABASE openbao FROM PUBLIC; GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE openbao TO "openbao-rw"; REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM PUBLIC; GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO "openbao-rw"; volumeMounts: - name: certs mountPath: /etc/certs readOnly: true - name: ca mountPath: /etc/ca readOnly: true volumes: - name: certs secret: secretName: role-openbao-client-cert defaultMode: 0640 - name: ca secret: secretName: openbao-db-ca defaultMode: 0640 }} Apply the job: kubectl apply -f schema-init-job.yaml Wait for its pod to finish ContainerCreating and complete before reading its logs, otherwise kubectl logs fails outright rather than waiting: kubectl wait --for=condition=complete -n openbao job/openbao-schema-init --timeout=60s kubectl logs -n openbao job/openbao-schema-init CREATE TABLE CREATE INDEX CREATE TABLE GRANT REVOKE GRANT REVOKE GRANT Eight statements in, eight confirmations out: both tables, the DML grant, and the three REVOKE/GRANT pairs that lock the database and the public schema down to openbao-rw . Step 3: configure and deploy OpenBao via Helm Configure the official OpenBao Helm chart. Mount the role-openbao-rw-client-cert secret into OpenBao and point the postgresql storage stanza at it with sslmode=verify-full . A few details that are easy to miss from the OpenBao side: skip_create_table must be set explicitly, since openbao-rw has no CREATE privilege and would otherwise fail on first connection when OpenBao tries to create the tables itself, and server.dataStorage needs disabling, since it defaults to a 10Gi PVC per pod that would otherwise sit there unused: the whole point of this stack is that OpenBao carries no local state at all. Mounting the certificate and CA secrets also needs the right chart field: server.extraVolumes looks like the obvious choice, but it uses its own simplified type/name/path schema rather than a raw Kubernetes volume, and there is no matching extraVolumeMounts field for the server StatefulSet at all. server.volumes and server.volumeMounts are the fields that pass straight through to the Pod spec, and are what the manifest below actually uses. {{global: enabled: true server: # No local persistence: all state lives in CNPG. dataStorage: enabled: false ha: enabled: true replicas: 3 config: | ui = true listener "tcp" { tls_disable = 1 address = "[::]:8200" cluster_address = "[::]:8201" } storage "postgresql" { connection_url = "postgres://openbao-rw@openbao-db-rw:5432/openbao?sslmode=verify-full&sslcert=/etc/openbao/certs/tls.crt&sslkey=/etc/openbao/certs/tls.key&sslrootcert=/etc/openbao/ca/ca.crt" table = "openbao_kv_store" ha_table = "openbao_ha_locks" ha_enabled = "true" skip_create_table = "true" } # cnpg-playground only: with the Postgres nodes tainted and off limits, # only two general-purpose nodes are left, one short of what three # required-anti-affinity replicas need. Tolerating the control-plane # taint gives OpenBao a third node to land on. Drop this in a cluster # with three or more untainted worker nodes, and never carry it into # production: workloads should not run on the control plane there. tolerations: - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane operator: Exists effect: NoSchedule # Mount the openbao-rw DatabaseRole's client certificate and the # cluster's client CA. "volumes"/"volumeMounts" are passed through to the # Pod spec as-is; the chart's own "extraVolumes" field uses a different, # simplified schema (type/name/path) that does not accept a raw Secret # volume, and there is no "extraVolumeMounts" field for the server # StatefulSet at all. volumes: - name: cnpg-client-cert secret: secretName: role-openbao-rw-client-cert defaultMode: 0640 - name: cnpg-client-ca secret: secretName: openbao-db-ca defaultMode: 0640 volumeMounts: - name: cnpg-client-cert mountPath: /etc/openbao/certs readOnly: true - name: cnpg-client-ca mountPath: /etc/openbao/ca readOnly: true }} Install OpenBao following the official OpenBao Kubernetes documentation: helm repo add openbao https://openbao.github.io/openbao-helm helm repo update helm install openbao openbao/openbao \ --namespace openbao \ -f openbao-values.yaml Pod anti-affinity for the OpenBao replicas is not something this recipe has to configure: the chart’s server.affinity default already renders a requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution rule keyed on kubernetes.io/hostname , so the three server pods refuse to land on the same node. In cnpg-playground specifically, that is worth double checking rather than assuming: with the Postgres nodes tainted and off limits, only the infra- and app-labelled nodes are left for general workloads, one short of what three required-anti-affinity replicas need. The manifest above adds a server.tolerations entry for the node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane taint so OpenBao can use that node as its third, which is a reasonable thing to do on a single-developer Kind cluster and not something to carry into a real cluster, where the control plane should stay clear of ordinary workloads. On a cluster with three or more untainted worker nodes, the toleration is unnecessary and the chart’s default anti-affinity just works on its own. Step 4: verification and initialisation Watch the OpenBao pods come up: kubectl get pods -w -n openbao NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE openbao-0 1/1 Running 0 3m11s openbao-1 0/1 Running 0 51s openbao-agent-injector-84c76c686f-7qnq6 1/1 Running 0 3m11s openbao-db-1 1/1 Running 0 8m43s openbao-db-2 1/1 Running 0 6m29s openbao-db-3 1/1 Running 0 5m48s openbao-schema-init-x9clq 0/1 Completed 0 4m7s Only openbao-0 and openbao-1 exist so far, and openbao-1 shows 0/1: the StatefulSet's default OrderedReady policy will not even create openbao-2 until openbao-1 reports Ready , and readiness here is the unseal status, not just the process being up. That is exactly why the initialisation and unsealing below has to happen pod by pod, in order: openbao-0 first, then openbao-1, then openbao-2 , each one only created once its predecessor is unsealed. Initialise and unseal OpenBao Initialise the cluster on openbao-0 and unseal all three pods: kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 — bao operator init Store the generated unseal keys and root token securely. Each pod’s Shamir state is independent and in memory: unsealing openbao-0 does nothing for openbao-1 or openbao-2 , so the same three keys have to be submitted again, against each pod by name, one pod at a time: kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-1 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-1 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-1 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-2 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-2 -- bao operator unseal kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-2 -- bao operator unseal Until a pod’s three keys go in, kubectl describe pod on it shows Unseal Progress: 0/3 and a stream of Warning Unhealthy readiness-probe events. Neither is a problem: it is the probe correctly reporting that the pod is still sealed, and it clears as soon as that pod gets its keys. The third key flips Sealed to false : Key Value --- ----- Seal Type shamir Initialized true Sealed false Total Shares 5 Threshold 3 Version 2.6.1 Commit Date 2026-07-22T14:22:33Z Storage Type postgresql Cluster Name vault-cluster-97b6aa67 Cluster ID 634fcfcf-09f2-b719-f9bf-1f684cfbe88a HA Enabled true HA Cluster n/a HA Mode standby Storage Type: postgresql here is the whole point of this recipe, and it is not just reporting the config back: OpenBao writes its own bootstrap state, the keyring, the root key material, its seal configuration, before you ever create an application secret. Query the cluster directly and it is already there: kubectl cnpg psql -n openbao openbao-db -- openbao openbao=# SELECT key FROM openbao_kv_store; key --------------------------------------------------------------------- keyring root-key shamir-kek seal-config barrier-unseal-keys info jwtkey ... (31 rows) Every one of those rows lives in the openbao_kv_store table this recipe’s schema-init Job created, written by the openbao-rw role with nothing but a client certificate. Read/write test Confirm OpenBao can write an encrypted payload through to CNPG using the restricted openbao-rw role: # Login kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao login # Enable KV v2 and write a secret kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao secrets enable -path=secret kv-v2 kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao kv put secret/test-app username="admin" password="supersecretpassword" # Read it back kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao kv get secret/test-app kubectl exec -it -n openbao openbao-0 -- bao kv get secret/test-app Run the same SELECT key FROM openbao_kv_store ; query again and a new row for secret/test-app shows up alongside the bootstrap keys, its value column holding the payload as an encrypted BYTEA blob, never plaintext, even to someone with direct PostgreSQL access to the table. Now that all three pods are unsealed, -o wide on the whole namespace shows the full picture: the three CNPG instances on their three dedicated, tainted Postgres nodes, and the three OpenBao replicas spread across the control-plane node and the two general-purpose ones, required anti-affinity satisfied without a single pod colocated with another: kubectl get pods -n openbao -o wide NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES openbao-0 1/1 Running 0 29m 10.244.3.4 k8s-openbao-worker2 openbao-1 1/1 Running 0 26m 10.244.2.7 k8s-openbao-worker openbao-2 1/1 Running 0 74s 10.244.0.6 k8s-openbao-control-plane openbao-agent-injector-84c76c686f-7qnq6 1/1 Running 0 29m 10.244.2.6 k8s-openbao-worker openbao-db-1 1/1 Running 0 34m 10.244.5.4 k8s-openbao-worker3 openbao-db-2 1/1 Running 0 32m 10.244.1.4 k8s-openbao-worker4 openbao-db-3 1/1 Running 0 31m 10.244.6.4 All seven workloads nicely distributed across the six available nodes on the playground, control plane included, exactly as intended. Operational notes: certificate renewal CNPG’s client certificates carry a 90-day validity period and are renewed automatically about a week before expiry, the same schedule the operator already applies to the streaming_replica certificate (see Certificates). Renewal replaces the contents of the role-openbao-rw-client-cert secret in place, no manifest change required. Both figures are inherited unconditionally from the operator’s own global settings today; a proposal to let clientCertificate override duration and renewBefore per DatabaseRole , mirroring cert-manager’s convention, is open in issue #11312, useful if a role like role-openbao-rw ever needs a renewal cadence different from the cluster-wide default. OpenBao itself does not pick that renewal up on its own. Like Vault before it, OpenBao’s postgresql storage backend opens its connection pool once at process startup and never re-reads the certificate files afterwards, so a renewed certificate only takes effect after a rolling restart of the OpenBao pods. This is a property of the storage plugin’s own connection lifecycle, not something CNPG’s certificate reconciliation controls: CNPG’s job ends at keeping the secret current, and nothing on the CNPG side requires a restart. Until OpenBao’s storage backend gains a way to reload its connection pool’s TLS material on signal, budget for a scheduled rolling restart inside the 83-day renewal window, well before the old certificate actually expires. Beyond this setup: backups and disaster recovery This is a single-cluster deployment. High availability inside the Kubernetes cluster is covered by the three OpenBao replicas, CNPG’s synchronous replication and required zonal anti-affinity, but production workloads need more than that: - Automated PostgreSQL backups: the in-tree .spec.backup.barmanObjectStore stanza is deprecated as of CNPG 1.26 in favour of the Barman Cloud Plugin: define anObjectStore pointing at AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage or Azure Blob Storage, reference it from theCluster' s.spec.plugins , and back it withBackup/ScheduledBackup resources usingmethod: plugin for continuous WAL archiving and scheduled base backups, enabling Point-In-Time Recovery. - Disaster recovery: to meet real RTO/RPO targets, span the deployment across more than one Kubernetes cluster. CNPG’s distributed topology lets an asynchronous replica cluster in a second region or cluster promote to primary if the first one is lost entirely, the same capability I discussed for cloud-neutral portability. Conclusion Combining OpenBao with CloudNativePG gives you a fully open-source, enterprise-grade secrets engine running on native Kubernetes CRDs, with the DatabaseRole CRD covering every role in the stack rather than just the application-facing one. Synchronous replication gives zero-data-loss failover, explicit pg_hba rules turn the absence of a password into an actual enforced policy rather than an assumption, and dedicated scheduling rules keep the database’s failure domains separate from everything else running in the cluster. If you have ideas, questions, or run into something this recipe does not cover, reach out to Rob and Gabrielle directly on LinkedIn, or find us on the CloudNativePG community’s CNCF Slack.