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Yiddish study and research in Amsterdam

ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืคึฟืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื โ€” ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขYiddish study and research in Amsterdam โ€” a long history ื“ืึธืก โ€žื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืšโ€œ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ึพืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืชึผืคึฟื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื– ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“ ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืฒึทืกืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฑืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื‘ืฐืขื ืฅ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื ืื™ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืงื•ืจืกืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื“ืขืจืฐืฒึทืœื™ืงืข ืœืฒื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื–, ื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ึพืคึฟืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืจื™ึดืขืจ ื’ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืึท ืคึฟืขืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืŸึพืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืึทื. ืกืณืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืึท ืกืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื. ืื™ื ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืึทืจื‘ืขื˜. ื“ื™ ืกืึทืžืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ โ€žื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื˜ืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸโ€œ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื™ืŸ 1686 ืื•ืŸ 1687. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ื ืขื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืšึพื’ืขื–ืขืฅึพื’ืขื‘ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜ ืžืขืจื‘ึฟึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”ื“ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคึฟื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœืฑื– ืืฑืฃ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ. ืกื•ืฃ 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืฆื‘ึฟ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื–ืจื—ึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜. ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ื•ื•ื™, ืฆื•ื ื‘ืฒึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื: โ€žืžืงื•ืโ€œ (ืึธืจื˜). ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจึพืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืคึฟืึทืจืืฒืŸ โ€žืึทื ืกืงื™โ€œ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1920, ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฉ ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1970ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“. ื“ืจืฒึท ืคึฟืขืจื˜ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ึพืžืœื—ืžื” ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืงืœืฒื ืขืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจืก. ืขื“ึพื”ื™ื•ื ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ โ€žื—ื“ืจโ€œ ืืฑืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ. ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึท ื’ืจืฑืกืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืขื ืข, ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืœืฒืขื ืงืจืฒึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืฒ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ. ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ โ€žื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืคึผืึทืฐืขโ€œ (ื“ืขืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœ โ€žื’ืจื™ื ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื”โ€œ) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ืคึฟื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื‘ื™ื– ื’ืึธืจ. ื–ืฒึทื˜ ื“ื™ 1960ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ืฐืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืกืึทืžืข ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืš โ€” ื“ืขื ืึธื ืœืฒึทืŸ โ€žื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืšโ€œ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผ. ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฒึท ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒึทื ื”ืึทืงืขืจืก ืึธื ื’ืขืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ืฐืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืงืฒืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื™ืง, ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืœืฑืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจืฒ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืกื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขืš. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ื ื” ืœ. ืคึฟืึธืจื–ืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฉื‚ื” ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทืกืŸึพืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทื ื˜. ืึท ืกืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืืฑืฃ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื โ€žื–ืฒึทืŸ ืชึผื—ืช ื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึธืกื˜ืขืจืก ื–ื™ืฆืŸโ€œ (ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ืžื•ื– โ€žื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸโ€œ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ืฆืŸ). ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืืฑืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื ืฑืคึฟื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจื˜ืœ ืฐืึธืก ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”: โ€žืฐืขืŸ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืข ื‘ืึทืก (ื‘ืขืœึพื”ื‘ื™ืช), ืฉื ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื ืก ืคึฟืึธืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึทื–.โ€œ (ืฐืขืŸ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฉื ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–.) ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึทืจื˜ืึธื’ ื‘ืฒืžืก ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉึพื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืงืึทื‘ื•ืœืึทืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืึท ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฑืคึฟื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื›ืœ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ (Resten van een taal) ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืืฑืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื™ื›ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ (Jerosche). ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืฒึทื ื‘ืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืขื•ืœื. ื–ืฒึทื˜ 1964 ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืœืขืจืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืคึฟืึทืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜: ืฆื• ืขืจืฉื˜, ืœืขืึธ ืคึฟื•ืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš โ€” ืจืขื ืึท ืคึฟื•ืงืก ืžืึทื ืกืคึฟืขืœื“. ืื™ืŸ 2005 ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกื•ืจ โ€žื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจโ€œ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืคึฟื˜ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2015. ืึท ืจืฒ ื“ื™ืกืขืจื˜ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืฒื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื”ื™ืœื“ืข ืคึผืึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฆืฒึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“, โ€žื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื˜ืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸโ€œ. ื‘ืึทืจื˜ ืฐืึทืœืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึฟื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“; ื–ืฒึทื“ืžืึทืŸ ืžืึทื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจึพืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคึฟืจื™ึพืžืึธื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืงืขืจืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึทืจื™ืึทื ืข ืึธืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจืึทื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืกืชึผืจืก ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ โ€žื“ื™ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืžืึทืฉื‘ืขืจโ€œ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ื ืขื โ€žืคึฟืึธืจืฐืขืจื˜ืกโ€œ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ืžืฒึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟื™ืœื™ืคึผ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ืืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ โ€žืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืคึฟืึทื ื“ื‘ืฒืŸึพื˜ื•ืจืขืžืกโ€œ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื. ืึทื“ืจื‘ื, ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื›ึผืกื“ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื ืฒึทืข ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืจืขื“ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืคึฟืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืคึฟื•ืŸ 2023 ื‘ื™ื– 2025 ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื“ืžืึทืŸ ืžืึทื•ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคึฟื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืคึผื•ืจื™ืึพืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ: ืงื•ื“ืึพื›ึผืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึทืกืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2025 โ€” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ืฆื•ืฆื™ึดืขืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“, ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. ืื™ื ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ โ€žื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜โ€œ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืืฒึทื ืฐืฑื ืขืจืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, ืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืึธื“ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืคึฟื ืœื˜ืขื›ืŸ ืกื•ื›ึผื”ึพืคึผืจืึธื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 2023 ืื•ืŸ 2024 ืžืžืฉ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืึทืจืฒึทื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืึท ืกืš ืกื˜ื•ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึทื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉึพืงื•ืจืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื“ืžืึทืŸ ืžืึทื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืกืขืคึผื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืขื ื‘ืจึพืื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ. โ€žื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื’ืจืึทืœืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ืขื ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜,โ€œ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ืึทืจื˜ ืฐืึทืœืขื˜, ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. โ€žื›ึผื“ื™ ืืฑืคึฟืฆื•ื–ื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืฒึทื›ืข ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงืขื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš.โ€œ ืื™ืจืขื ืข ื–ืฐื™ืคึผ, ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟืขืกืึธืจื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึทืžื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคึฟืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฑืฃ ืคึฟื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ืจืฒื˜ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื. โ€žื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜,โ€œ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. Did you know that only 2% of Forward readers donate to support our nonprofit newsroom? That 2% make it possible for millions to read the Forward without a paywall or subscription โ€” removing any barriers to the full and fair Jewish story. But while the Forward is free to read, it isnโ€™t free to produce. Big stories โ€” like deep dives into the antisemitism data, political scoops or reporting trips to college campuses โ€” take months of research and fact-checking. All while we keep you informed of what you need to know each day. โ€” Rachel Fishman Feddersen, Forward Publisher & CEO

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