What sort of Yiddish do todayโs Yiddishists speak?
ืืืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึดืืืฉ ืจืขืื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืืฒึทื ื?What sort of Yiddish do todayโs Yiddishists speak?
ืืื ืืืจ ืฉืืืืืข ืืึธื ืื ืืื ืืืืืกืืงืข ืขืืึท ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืืื ืืขืจืืืืืึดืจื 30 ืืึดืืืฉึพืจืขืืขืจ โ ืกืณืจืืึฟ ืคึฟืื ื ืืึพืืึธืจืง, ืืึธืกืืึธื ืืื ืืึธื ืืจืขืึธื.
ืคึฟืื ืืืืืขืจ ืืืจืงืึธ
ืืืขื ืืข ืืืึธืื ืืฒึทื ื ืืขืฉืืขืื ืื ืฉืืื, โืืืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืืึดืืืฉ ืจืขืื ืื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื?โ ืืืึธืื ืึท ืืฅ ืืกืชึผืื ืืขืขื ืืคึฟืขืจื: ืืฒึทื ื ืจืขืื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉ. ืึธืืขืจ ืืึธืืืจ ื ืืฉื ืืึทืื ืงืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืจืึทืืื ื ืึธืจ ืืืขืื ืืขื ืข ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื, ืืืึธืก ืจืขืื ืืึดืืืฉ ืืึทืงืข โ ืึทืืขืืืข ืืืึธืก ืฉืจืฒึทืื ืืื ืืืืขื ืขื ืึทืจืืืงืืขื ืืื โืคึฟืึธืจืืืขืจืืกโ, ืืืฉื. ืืื ืึทืืื ืจืขืื ืืืจ?
ืื ืืื ืืืืืกืืงืข ืขืืึท ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืืึธื ืืขืฆืื ืก ืคึฟืึทืจืืืืืืงื ืืืจ ืืืกืขืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืืืงื ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืขืืข. ืื ืืึธื ืืื ืืขืจืืืืืึดืจื ืืจืฒึทืกืืง ืืึดืืืฉึพืจืขืืขืจ, ืึท ืืืื ืคึฟืื ืืื โ ืืืืฃ ืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉึพืืืึธื ืคึฟืื ืืืื ืืจืืฃ โ ืกืคึผืขืฆืืขื ืคึฟืื ื ืืึพืืึธืจืง, ืืึธืกืืึธื ืืื ืืึธื ืืจืขืึธื. ืืขืจืืฒึท ืืึธื ืื ืึทื ืืืขืงื ืขืืืขืืข ืืืืืืืงืข ืืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืึทื ืืข ืคึฟืึทืงืื.
ืืืื ืคึฟืจืึทืืข ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืืกืขืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื, ืืื ืึทืืื ืืข ืืึธื ืืื ืื ืจืืคึฟื. ืืืขื ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืืึธื ืืขืคึฟืจืขืื ืื ืืขื ืืฉื, ืืืื ืืื ืจืืคึฟื ืืื โืืึดืืืฉืืกืืโ, ืืึธืื ืืขืจืกืืข ืืขืืึธืื โ ื ืืื. ืืึธืก ืืื ืึทืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืึทื ื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึธืก ืื ืืืขืจืืขืจ โืืึดืืืฉืืืโ ืืื โืืึดืืืฉืืกืโ ืงืืื ืืขื ืืฒึทื ื ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืืืคึฟืจืขื ืงืืฉ ืืื ืืข ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืกื ืึทืืื. ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืืึธื ื ืืฉื ืืขืคึฟืื ืขื ืงืืื ืืขืกืขืจื ื ืึธืืขื, ืจืืคึฟื ืื ืืื ืื โืื ืืืขืืึพืงืึธื ืืขืงืกืึพืืึดืืืฉึพืงืืืืโ (minority-context Yiddish community). ืืื ืืขืจ ืืึธืืืงืขืจ ืงืึทืืขืืึธืจืืข ื ืขืื ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืืืื ืึทืจืฒึทื ืืขืืืขืืขื ืข ืืกืืืื, ืืืึธืก ืงืืืขื ืึท ืืึธื ืืืื ืืืืฃ ืื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืืืฉืข ืืื ืืขืจื ืขืืื ืืขื.
ืืื ืึทืืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืื ื ืืฉื, ืคึฟืึทืจ ืืืึธืก ืืข ืฉืขืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืึธืืขื โืืึดืืืฉืืกืโ. ืขืจืฉืื ืก, ืืืขืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืืื ืคึฟืจืืืข ืืึดืื ืืื ืื ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืจืืคึฟื โืืึดืืืฉืืกืืโ, ืืื ืึทืืื ืืืจ ืืึธืื ืืื ื ืืฉื ืจืืคึฟื. ืึทืืื ืืืืกื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉ ืืื ืึทืืื ืืืขื ืขืก ืืืฒึทืื. ืขืก ืืื ืคึฟืึธืจื ืืขืกืขืจ ืืื ืื ืึทืืืขืจื ืึทืืืืืข ื ืขืืขื (ืึผืืคึฟืจ, ืึทืคึผืืงืืจืก ืืึทืืดืื).
ืึท ืฆืืืืืืขืจ ืกืืจืคึผืจืื ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืืกืขืจืืึทืฆืืข ืืื ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืื ืงืืื ืคึฟืื ืืขื ืืึดืืืฉ, ืืืึธืก ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืจืขืื. ืึท ืืจืืืกื ืืืงืขืจ, ืึท ืกืืืืขื ื, ืืืึธืื ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืืขืืืื ื, ืึทื ืึทืืข ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืจืขืื ืืึธืก ืืขืืืืงืข ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ. ืืึธืก ืืื ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืืขืืช: ืึท ืกื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืจืขืื ืืืื ืคึผืืืืืฉ ืืึดืืืฉ ืึธืืขืจ ืืืงืจืึทืึดื ืืฉ ืืึดืืืฉ ืึธืืขืจ ืืขืืืฉืืข ืืืึทืืขืงืื. ืึท ืกื ื ืืฆื ืืืื ืึท ืืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืืึธืงืึทืื ืืื ืื ืืขืืืืงืข ืืืขืจืืขืจ; ืืืฉื, ืืข ืืึธืื ืึท ืืึธื gut ืืื ืึท ืืึธื git, ืึธืืขืจ ืึท ืืึธื zogn ืืื ืึท ืืึธื zugn.
ืืืขื ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืืึธื ืืขืคึฟืจืขืื ืืขื ืืฉื ืืืืขืจ ืืืื ืื ื ืืืขืื ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ, ืืืึธืก ืืข ืืขืจื ื ืืื ืื ืงืืจืกื, ืืึธื ืื ืืึทืงืืืขื ืึท ืกื ื ืขืืึทืืืืืข ืขื ืืคึฟืขืจืก. ืืืืช ืืึธื ืงืืื ืขืจ ื ืืฉื ืืขืขื ืืคึฟืขืจื ืคึผืึธืืืืืื, ืืึธืืฉ ืึท ืืืื ืืึธืื ืืขืืึธืื, ืึทื ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ ืงืขื ืืฒึทื ื ืืฆืืขื ืืฒึทื ืืืืกืืขืจื ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉืคึผืจืึทื. ืึท ืืืื ืืื ืืขืจืืืืืึดืจืืข ืืึธืื ืืขืืึธืื ืืึธืื ืข ืืึทืื ืืืขืื ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ; ืืืฉื, ืึทื โืงืืื ืขืจ ืจืขืื ืืึธืก ื ืืฉืโ โ ืืึธืืฉ ืืื ืืึธืื ืืึธืจื ืคึฟืึทืจืืจืึทืื ืืื ืึทื ืืขืจืข ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื, ืืืึธืก ืจืขืื ืืึธ ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ, ืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืขืจ, ืืืึธืก ืจืขืื ืขืก ืืื ืึทื ืืฒึทื ืืขืืืืจืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื! ืืงืืฆืืจ, ืขืก ืืื ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืืขืคึฟืื, ืึทื ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ ืืื ื ืืฉื โืขืืโ, ืืืฒึทื ืึทืืื ืืืืื ืืง ืืขื ืืฉื ืจืขืื ืขืก ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืืื.
ืื โืืืขืืึพืงืึธื ืืขืงืกืึพืืึดืืืฉึพืงืืืืโ ืืึทืฉืืืื ืคึฟืื ืขืืืขืืข ืืจืืคึผืขืก: ืืขื ืืฉื, ืืืึธืก ืจืขืื ืืื ืืึดืืืฉ ืคึฟืื ืืขืจ ืืืื (native speakers); ืืขื ืืฉื, ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืืขืืขืจื ืื ืฉืคึผืจืึทื ืงืื ืืืืฒึทื, ืึธืืขืจ ืจืขืื ื ืืฉื ืึทืืื ืืื (heritage speakers); ืกืืืืขื ืื ืืื ืึทืืขืืืข ืืืึธืก ืืึธืื ืืื ืืืืกืืขืืขืจื ื ืื ืฉืคึผืจืึทื; ืืื ืืืื ืืขืืืขืืขื ืข ืืกืืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืขืื ืืฒึทื ื ืืื ืืขืจ โืคึฟืจืฒึทืขืจโ ืืืขืื. ืืขืืข ืืจืืคึผืข ืจืขืื ืึทืืืืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ, ืึธืืขืจ ืฆืืืืฉื ืืื ืืขื ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืึทื ืืข ืคึผืื ืงืื ืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจืืืฒึทืื.
ืื ืืขืืืขืืขื ืข ืืกืืืื ืจืขืื ืืกืืืืฉ ืืึดืืืฉ, ืืืึธืก ืื ืืื ืืืืืกืื ืืึธืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืกืืขืคึฟืึธืจืฉื. ืื ืกืืืืขื ืื ืจืขืื ืืขืืืืื ืืืขื ืึท ืกืึธืจื ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึธืื ืืื ืืืืกืืขืืขืจื ื ืคึฟืื ืืืืขืจืข ืืขืจืขืจืก. ืึท ืกื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืจืขืื ืืื ืึท ืืขืืืืกืขืจ ืืฉืคึผืขื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืืืฉ โ ืืืึธืก ืืื ื ืืฉื ืงืืื ืืืืืฉ, ืึทืืื ืืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืจืขืื ืืืื ืึทืืื. ืืข ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืจืึทื ืกืงืจืืืืจืืข ืฆืืืึทืื ืืื ืืขืจืขืกืึทื ืืข ืืฒึทืฉืคึผืืื ืคึฟืื โืืฒึทืื ืคึฟืื ืงืึธืโ (code-switching) โ ืืืขื ืืข ืืืื ืึทืจืืืขืจ ืคึฟืื ืืืื ืฉืคึผืจืึทื ืืืืฃ ืึท ืฆืืืืืืขืจ, ืึทืืื ืืื ืฆืืจืืง, ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืืขืก. ืึท ืฆืึธื ืืึดื ืืขืจืข ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ื ืืฆื ืืึธืก ืืืึธืจื like ืืื ืืืืขืจ ืืึดืืืฉ, ืคึผืื ืงื ืืื ืืืืฃ ืขื ืืืืฉ.
ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจ ืขื ืื, ืืืึธืก ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื, ืืื ืื ืืืืกืฉืคึผืจืึทื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืงืืึทื ื ืจืืฉ /r/. ืืื ืื ืึทืืืข ืืืึทืืขืงืื ืืขื ืขื ืืขืืืขื ืฆืืืื ืืืืคึผืึพืกืึธืจืื ืจืืฉ: ืืขืจ ืืึธืจืืืืืงืขืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืืึผืืืึผืืึทืจืขืจ ืจืืฉ (uvular R), ืืื ืืืืฃ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืฆืืืืืฉ ืึธืืขืจ ืขืึฟืจืืช; ืืื ืืขืจ ืฆืื ืืืืืงืขืจ ืึธืืขืจ ืึทืคึผืืงืึทืืขืจ ืจืืฉ (apical R), ืืื ืืืืฃ ืจืืกืืฉ ืึธืืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ืืฉ. ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ื ืืฆื ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืื ืฆืืืื ืกืึธืจืื ืจืืฉ, ืืื ืืืื ืืขื ืขื ืืืืฉื ืกืึธืจื ืจืืฉ (retroflex R) โ ื ืืฉื ืืขืงืืงื ืืืืคึฟื ืฉืืืขืจื ืืจื, ืืืึธืก ืืืจืืื ืืืฒึทื ืจืฒึทื ืืึธื ืึทืจืืืคึฟืืขืืืืื ืืืืคึฟื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืฒึทื ืืขืจื ืืื, โืงืึทืืขืืืฉึพืืึดืืืฉโ.
ืื ืืจืึทืืึทืืืง ืืฒึท ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืืื ืืืื ืึผืืึทื ืฆื ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื, ืืื ืืข ืืขื ืืื ืื ืฆืืืึทืื. ืืึธืืฉ ืึท ืกื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืืึธืื ืืื ืื ืงืืจืกื ืืื ืืขืจืกืื ืก ืืขืืขืจื ื ืื ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉืข ืืจืึทืืึทืืืง, ืืขื ืืขื ืึธืคึฟื, ืึทื ืืข ืจืขืื ื ืืฉื ืึทืืื. ืืึธืก ืืึทืจืฃ ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื ืืฉื ืืฒึทื ืงืืื ืืืืืฉ, ืืืฒึทื ืืื ืื ืึทืืืข ืืืึทืืขืงืื ืืึธื ืืขื ืืืื ืึธืคึฟื ืืขืจืขืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืจ. ืืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ืืึทืจืฃ ืืขื ื ืืฉื ืงืืืขื ืืื ืืขื ืืช ืฆื ืื ืืกืืืื, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึธืื โืงืึทืืืข ืืขืืึทืืโ ืื ืืจืึทืืึทืืืง โ ืืืฒึทื ืื ืืจืึทืืึทืืืง ืืื ืฉืืื ืืขืืืขื โืงืึทืืืขโ ืคึฟืื ืคึฟืจืึดืขืจ, ืืื ืืฒึท ืื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืขื ืื โืงืึทืืืขโ, ืึทืืืฅ ืืขืฆืืืืืข ืืืืืื.
ืืจืขืกืืึธื ืืึธื ืึทื ืืืขืงื ืืืืืืืงืข ืืึทืื, ืืืึธืก ืืขืืข ืืื ืืืขืจื, ืืข ืืึธื ืื ืืืฒึทืืขืจ ืืืืกืคึฟืึธืจืฉื: ืื ืืืืขื ืืืืขื ืคึฟืื ืื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื, ืืืึธืก ืืืืื ืึทืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืืกื; ืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืื ืงืืื ืคึฟืื ืขื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืืืฉื ืืึดืืืฉ, ืืืึธืก ืืื ืืึทืืึพืืืืงื ืึผืืึพืืึดืืืฉ; ืืืืขืจ ืืืืกืฉืคึผืจืึทื ืืื ืืจืึทืืึทืืืง, ืืืึธืก ืืขื ืขื ื ืืฉื ืึทืืื ืืื ืืข ืืืึธืื ืืื ืืขืจืืื. ืื ืงืืืื ืข ืืืขืื ืคึฟืื ืืึดืืืฉืืกืื ืืึทืฉืืืื ืืืืช ืคึฟืื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืืืขื ืข ืืจืืคึผืขืก, ืืืึธืก ืืขืืข ืืึธื ืึท ืืืกื ืึทื ืึทื ืืขืจ ืืึทืจืึทืงืืขืจ ืืื ืืขืืข ืจืขืื ืึทื ืืขืจืฉ. ืืื ืืืื ืืึธืก ืืืขืจืื: ืฆืืืื ืืึดืื โ ืืจืฒึท ืืืื ืื ืืขื.
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